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In the ever-evolving world of infectious disease research, intracellular pathogens remain among the most formidable adversaries of human health. Two such stealthy invaders—Brucella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis—share common challenges: they evade immune detection by living within host cells, making...

Probiotic science has long faced a frustrating challenge: the leap from lab dish to human body is rarely straightforward. Traditional in vitro cultures can't capture the complexity of living tissues, and animal models often fall short in representing human-specific physiology. In recent years, howev...

In neuroscience, where the human brain remains one of medicine’s final frontiers, researchers face a persistent obstacle: modeling human-specific neurological disorders in animals that differ fundamentally from us. Over the past decade, humanized mouse models have emerged as a quiet revolution. Thes...

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a groundbreaking class of targeted cancer therapies, combining the precision of monoclonal antibodies with the powerful cytotoxicity of small-molecule drugs. Central to their success is a component that often receives less attention than it deserves—th...

Drug discovery and disease modeling have long relied on simplified systems such as cell cultures or animal models. While these tools provide valuable insights, they often fall short of fully replicating the complexity of human biology. In recent years, ex vivo tissue models have emerged as a powerfu...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, represent a crucial subgroup in cellular communication. First proposed by Johnstone et al. in 1983 during the study of erythrocyte differentiation, exosomes were officially identified in 1987 through ultracentrifugation. These membrane-bound small...

In recent years, extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells have emerged as a hot research topic in regenerative medicine, attracting global attention for their therapeutic potential. With the advancement of the key research program "Stem Cell Research and Organ Repair," the developmen...

1. Introduction The immune system is a highly complex network designed to protect the body against pathogens, toxins, and harmful substances. One of its key components is the production of antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig). These specialized proteins are secreted by B lymphocytes (B cel...

Cancer development is not just about uncontrolled cell growth; it’s a complex interplay between the tumor cells, their surrounding environment, and the body’s immune system. Three key factors — Interleukin-6 (IL-6) , B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), and natural killer (NK) cells — are central to this dynam...

In recent years, aptamers have emerged as a groundbreaking tool in molecular diagnostics, offering new possibilities for the detection of a wide range of diseases. These short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules are capable of binding to specific targets with high affinity and specificity, much li...